Texas Child Protection Law Bench Book

2024 version: As effective October 1, 2024

Endnotes

[1] CPS Policy Handbook § 2200. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[2] DFPS Texas Abuse Hotline website. Available online at https://www.txabusehotline.org/Login/Default.aspx. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[3] DFPS Investigation and Referral to DSHS Residential Treatment Center Bed Resource Guide. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/RTC_Resource_Guide.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[4] In re Isquierdo, 426 S.W.3d 128, 131 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, orig. proceeding).

[5] For more information, please see the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act Guide for Court Personnel and Judges developed by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/UCCJEA_Guide_Court_Personnel_Judges_Final.pdf. . Last visited August 30, 2024.

[6] UCCJEA Flow Chart. Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/uvblb4zd/01-uccjea-flow-chart-2024.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[7] CCEJ Decisions Chart. Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/vaapolmv/02-texas-ccej-chart-2024.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[8] Interstate Compact on Placement of Children. Available online at https://aphsa.org/AAICPC/default.aspx. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[9] CPS Policy Handbook § 6610. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_6600.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[10] In the Interest of A.L.M.-F., A.M., J.A.-F., N.A.-F., and E.A.-F., 593 S.W.3d 271 (Tex. 2019).

[11] Key W. Life Ins. Co. v. State Bd. of Ins., 350 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. 1961) (defining “trial de novo” and describing its attributes); Lone Star Gas Co. v. State, 153 S.W.2d 681, 692 (Tex. 1941) (a trial de novo ordinarily requires the court to conduct a “full civil trial on the facts as well as the law” where the parties will “try the case as if the suit had been filed originally in that court”).

[12] In re A.L.M.-F 593 S.W.3d 271, 277.

[13] CPS Policy Handbook § 6251. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_6200.asp#CPS_6251. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[14] HHS Ombudsman Foster Care Help webpage. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/about-hhs/your-rights/ombudsman-foster-care-help. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[15] DFPS Office of Consumer Relations. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Contact_Us/Questions_and_Complaints/OCR.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[16] DFPS Youth Housing Program webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/youth_housing.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[17] DFPS Regional Youth Housing Liaisons. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/regional_housing_liaisons.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[18] A Guide for Those “Aging Out” of Foster Care in Texas. Available online at http://texasfosteryouth.org/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[19] Youth or Young Adult in Foster Care Residency Verification for a Driver License or State Identification Card Fee Waiver Form. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Application/Forms/showFile.aspx?Name=K-908-2042.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[20] Extended Court Jurisdiction Flowchart. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/documents/Extended_Court_Jurisdiction_Flow_Chart.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[21] DFPS Transitional Living Services Handout. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/documents/Transitional_Living_Services_Handout.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[22] “Incapacitated person” means (1) a minor; (2) an adult who, because of a physical or mental condition, is substantially unable to: (A) provide food, clothing, or shelter for himself or herself; (B) care for the person's own physical health; or (C) manage the person's own financial affairs; or; (3) a person who must have a guardian appointed for the person to receive funds due the person from a governmental source. Tex. Est. Code § 1002.017.

[23] Department of Family & Protective Services Supervised Independent Living. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/supervised_independent_living.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[24] CPS Policy Handbook § 10421. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10421. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[25] CPS Policy Handbook § 10463. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10463. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[26] CPS Policy Handbook § 10421. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10421. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[27] Types of Supervised Independent Living Settings. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/SIL_setting_types.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[28] CPS Policy Handbook § 10400. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10400. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[29] Extended Court Jurisdiction Flowchart. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/documents/Extended_Court_Jurisdiction_Flow_Chart.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[30] Extended Foster Care Resource Guide. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/Extended_Foster_Care_Resource_Guide.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[31] DFPS Extended Foster Care Webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/default.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[32] Supervised Independent Living. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/supervised_independent_living.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[33] Transitional Living Services Handout. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/documents/Transitional_Living_Services_Handout.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[34] Texas Foster Youth Justice Project Legal Resources for Youth Aging out of Foster Care. Available online at http://texasfosteryouth.org/legal-resources/legal-resources-for-youth/aging-out-of-foster-care/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[35] 2024 DFPS Case Law Update. Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/mzqpgmuq/termination-case-law-update.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[36] U.S. Department of State Office of Children's Issues. Guide for State Authorities on Outgoing Adoption Cases from the United States to another Convention Country. (Feb. 2021). Available online at https://travel.state.gov/content/dam/NEWadoptionassets/pdfs/State Authorities Outgoing Guide - Updated 02122021.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[37] CPS Policy Handbook § 5230. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/cps/files/CPS_pg_5200.asp#CPS_5230. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[38] CPS Policy Handbook § 5233.33. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_5200.asp#CPS_5233_33. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[39] CPS Policy Handbook § 6715. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/cps/files/CPS_pg_6700.asp#CPS_6715. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[40] CPS Policy Handbook § 6715.1. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/cps/files/CPS_pg_6700.asp#CPS_6715. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[41] CPS Policy Handbook § 2233. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp#CPS_2233. DFPS Forensic Assessment Center Network (FACN) Resource Guide online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/FACN_Resource_Guide.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[42] CPS Policy Handbook § 2233.5. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp#CPS_2233_5. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[43] Texas Center for the Judiciary website. Available online at https://www.yourhonor.com/online. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[44] Ex parte Daniels, 722 S.W.2d 707, 708 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).

[45] Ex parte Duncan, 182 S.W. 313, 314 (Tex. Crim. App. 1916); Cooke v. United States, 45 Sup. Ct. 390, 394 (1925); Ex parte Flournoy, 312 S.W.2d 488, 492 (Tex. 1958); Tex. Gov't Code § 21.002(d).

[46] Ex parte Knable, 818 S.W.2d 811 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

[47] Ex parte Cardwell, 416 S.W.2d 382, 384 (Tex. 1967); Hicks on Behalf of Feiock v. Feiock, 108 Sup. Ct. 1423, 1429 (1998).

[48] Ex parte Chambers, 898 S.W.2d 257, 260 (Tex. 1995) rehearing overruled.

[49] In re Rowe, 113 S.W.3d 749, 752 (Tex. App.—Austin, 2003, no writ); In re R.E.D., 278 S.W.3d 850, 856 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist] 2009, no writ).

[50] Ex parte Conway, 419 S.W.2d 827, 828 (Tex. 1967).

[51] In re Oliver, 68 Sup. Ct. 499, 507 (1948); Ex parte Martin, 656 S.W.2d 443, 445 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).

[52] Ex parte Vetterick, 744 S.W.2d 598,599 (Tex.1988); Tex. Fam. Code § 157.062.

[53] Ex parte Gunther, 758 S.W.2d 226, 227 (Tex. 1988); Tex. Fam. Code § 157.163(b).

[54] Muniz v. Hoffman, 422 U.S. 454, 95 S. Ct. 2178, 2190 (1975); Ex Parte Werblud, 536 S.W.2d 542, 546 (Tex. 1976).

[55] Ex parte Griffin, 682 S.W.2d 261, 262 (Tex. 1984).

[56] Chambers, 898 S.W.2d at 261; In re Lausch, 177 S.W.3d 144, 155 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).

[57] Ex parte Johns, 807 S.W.2d 768, 771, (Tex. App.—Dallas, 1991, no pet.).

[58] Ex parte Landry, 144 S.W. 962, 963 (Tex. Crim. App. 1912); Hicks, 108 Sup. Ct. at 1430; Chambers, 898 S.W.2d at 259; R.E.D., 278 S.W.3d at 860.

[59] Travelhost v. Blandford, 68 F.3d 958, 961 (5th Cir. 1995).

[60] Alberti v. Klevenhagen, 610 F. Supp. 138, 141 (S.D. Texas 1985); See also Ruiz v. McCotter, 661 F. Supp. 112, 116 (S.D. Texas 1986).

[61] Green v. U.S., 78 S. Ct. 632, 644.

[62] Muniz, 95 S. Ct. at 2190.

[63] Werblud, 536 S.W.2d at 546.

[64] Griffin, 682 S.W.2d at 262.

[65] Ex parte York, 899 S.W.2d 47, 49 (Tex. App.—Waco 1995, no writ).

[66] In re Brown, 114 S.W.3d 7, 11 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, no writ) (citing Werblud, 536 S.W.2d at 546).

[67] In re Alexander, 243 S.W.3d 822, 825 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no writ).

[68] Ex parte Shacklee, 939 S.W. 2d 144, 145 (Tex. 1997).

[69] In re Nesevitch, 93 S.W. 3d 510, 513 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no writ).

[70] Ex parte Calvillo Amaya, 748 S.W.2d 224, 225 (Tex. 1988); Ex parte Whitehead, 908 S.W.2d 68, 70 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist] 1995, no writ).

[71] Ex parte Mitchell, 738 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1989, no writ).

[72] Ex parte Proctor, 398 S.W.2d 917, 918 (Tex. 1966).

[73] Ex parte Whitehead 908 S.W. 2d at 70; Ex parte Supercinski, 561 S.W.2d 482 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977).

[74] A Guide for the Legal Community: The Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018. Available online at https://familyfirstact.org/resources/guide-legal-community-family-first-prevention-services-act-2018. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[75] Bureau of Indian Affairs, Guidelines for State Courts and Agencies in Indian Child Custody Proceedings, 81 Fed. Reg. 96476 (Dec. 2016). Available online at https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/bia/ois/pdf/idc2-056831.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[76] Guidelines at D.1.

[77] Guidelines at D.7.

[78] Guidelines at I.4.

[79] Guidelines at L.4.

[80] Guidelines at B.5.

[81] Bureau of Indian Affairs ICWA Designated Agents Listing webpage. Available online at https://www.bia.gov/bia/ois/dhs/icwa/agents-listing/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[82] Guidelines at B.7.

[83] Guidelines at B.2.

[84] Guidelines at B.7.

[85] Guidelines at B.1.

[86] Guidelines at C.3.

[87] Guidelines at A.3.

[88] Guidelines at D.8.

[89] Guidelines at F.2.

[90] Guidelines at F.4.

[91] Guidelines at J.5.

[92] Guidelines at H.2.

[93] Guidelines at G.1.

[94] Guidelines at E.1 through E.5.

[95] Guidelines at C.8.

[96] Guidelines at I.3.

[97] U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. Quick Reference Sheet for State Court Personnel. Available online at https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/bia/ois/ois/pdf/idc2-041404.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[98] National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Indian Child Welfare Act Judicial Benchbook. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/indian-child-welfare-act-judicial-benchbook/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[99] Children's Commission website. 2021 Texas Indian Child Welfare Act Summit. Available online at http://texaschildrenscommission.gov/project-2021-icwa-summit/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[100] ICPC regulations. Available online at https://aphsa.org/OE/AAICPC/ICPC_Regulations.aspx. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[101] CPS Policy Handbook on Interstate Placements. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_4500.asp#CPS_4500 and https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Menu/MenuCPS9000.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[102] CPS Policy Handbook § 4513.1. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_4500.asp#CPS_4513_1. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[103] The Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children: A Manual and Instructional Guide for Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/the-interstate-compact-on-the-placement-of-children-a-manual-and-instructional-guide-for-juvenile-and-family-court-judges/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[104] American Public Human Services Association Explanation of ICPC Regulation VII (October 2011). Available online at https://aphsa.org/AAICPC/AAICPC/ICPC_Publications_and_Papers.aspx. See further American Public Human Services Association ICPC Regulations. Available online at https://aphsa.org/OE/AAICPC/ICPC_Regulations.aspx. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[105] ICPC Regulations. Available online at https://aphsa.org/OE/AAICPC/ICPC_Regulations.aspx. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[106] The Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children: A Manual and Instructional Guide for Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/the-interstate-compact-on-the-placement-of-children-a-manual-and-instructional-guide-for-juvenile-and-family-court-judges/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[107] Vivek Sankaran, Foster Kids in Limbo: The Effects of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children on the Permanency of Children in Foster Care (2014). Available online at https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2921&context=articles. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[108] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (6th Edition). Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/doing-business-with-hhs/provider-portal/facilities-regulation/psychiatric/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[109] Community First Choice programs overview. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs/community-first-choice. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[110] Inpatient admissions to acute care hospitals for psychiatric conditions are a benefit of Texas Medicaid for all ages. Federal statute prohibits Medicaid funding for services delivered to Medicaid members ages 21-64 while residing in an IMD. As allowed by 42 C.F.R. § 438.6(e), the STAR Health MCO may provide inpatient mental health services in an IMD up to 15 days per month for members who are 21-64, in lieu of an acute care hospital.

[111] CPS Policy Handbook § 11113.23. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x11000.asp#CPS_11113_23. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[112] Psychotropic Medication Utilization Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (6th Version) (Parameters). Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/doing-business-with-hhs/provider-portal/facilities-regulation/psychiatric/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[113] Psychotropic Medication Utilization Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health: Medication Tables (7th version). Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters-medication-tables.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[114] STAR Health PMUR Process for STAR Health Members FAQ and Stakeholder Manual. Id. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[115] HHSC Medical Transportation Program webpage. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/medicaid-chip-members/medical-transportation-program#:~:text=Nonemergency%20medical%20transportation%20services%20are,transportation%2C%20like%20the%20city%20bus. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[116] DFPS Star Health webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/default.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[117] Superior HealthPlan STAR Health website. Available online at https://www.fostercaretx.com/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[118] U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Disability Rights Section. Guide to Disability Rights Laws. Available online at https://www.ada.gov/resources/disability-rights-guide/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[119] Social Security Administration Benefits Overview. Available at https://www.ssa.gov/benefits. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[120] CPS Policy Handbook § 1570. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1570.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[121] CPS Policy Handbook § 1571. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1570.asp#CPS_1571. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[122] CPS Policy Handbook § 1571.2. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1570.asp#CPS_1571_2. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[123] 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.905, 416.972.

[124] Social Security Administration's adult listings of impairments. Available online at https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/AdultListings.htm. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[125] CPS Policy Handbook § 1574. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1570.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[126] CPS Policy Handbook § 8232.2. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_8232.asp#CPS_8232_2. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[127] Disability Rights Texas website. Available online at https://www.disabilityrightstx.org/en/home/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[128] EveryChild Inc. website. Available online at www.everychildtexas.org. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[129] HHS Disability webpage. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/services/disability. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[130] HHS Home and Community-Based Services webpage. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/providers/long-term-care-providers/home-community-based-services-hcs. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[131] Texas Mental Health and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Law Bench Book. Available online at http://texasjcmh.gov/publications/bench-books/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[132] Texas Health and Human Services Contact HHS webpage. Available online at https://apps.hhs.texas.gov/contact/search.cfm. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[133] Navigate Life Texas. Available online at https://www.navigatelifetexas.org. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[134] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (6th Edition) at page 7. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/doing-business-with-hhs/provider-portal/facilities-regulation/psychiatric/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[135] Id. at page 5.

[136] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (6th Edition). Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/doing-business-with-hhs/provider-portal/facilities-regulation/psychiatric/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[137] DFPS Medical Consent Training for Caregivers webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Training/Medical_Consent/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[138] DFPS Psychotropic Medication Training webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Training/Psychotropic_Medication/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[139] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (6th Edition) at page 8. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/doing-business-with-hhs/provider-portal/facilities-regulation/psychiatric/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[140] Department of Family and Protective Services, Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) Assessment (CANS). Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/CANS_Assessment.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[141] STAR Health PMUR Process for STAR Health Members FAQ and Stakeholder Manual. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/documents/STAR_Health_PMUR_English.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[142] STAR Health PMUR Process for STAR Health Members FAQ and Stakeholder Manual. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/documents/STAR_Health_PMUR_English.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[143] Texas Health and Human Services Update on the Use of Psychotropic Medications for Children in Texas Foster Care: Fiscal Years 2002-2021 Data Report at 3-4. Available online at www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/update-psychotropic-medications-children-texas-foster-care-fy2002-2021.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[144] Texas Health and Human Services Update on the Use of Psychotropic Medications for Children in Texas Foster Care: Fiscal Years 2002-2021 Data Report at 16. Available online at www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/update-psychotropic-medications-children-texas-foster-care-fy2002-2021.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[145] National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare. Parental Alcohol or Drug Abuse as a Condition Associated with Removal for Children by Age, 2021. Available online at https://ncsacw.acf.hhs.gov/research/child-welfare-statistics/interactive-statistics-series/3-child-removal-by-age-parental-aod/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[146] National Institute for Drug Abuse. Words Matter: Preferred Language for Talking About Addiction. Available online at https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/addiction-science/words-matter-preferred-language-talking-about-addiction#references. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[147] Texas Health and Human Services. Texas Fentanyl Poisoning Trends Involving More than One Substance, 2016-2022. Available online at https://healthdata.dshs.texas.gov/Content/Images/Fentanyl_Polysubstance_2016-2022.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[148] Texas Department of State Health Services. Texas Health Data Dashboard. Available online at https://healthdata.dshs.texas.gov/dashboard/drugs-and-alcohol/drug-related-deaths. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[149] National Library of Medicine. Facing Addiction in America Glossary of Terms. Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK424856/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[150] Id.

[151] Id.

[152] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Recovery and Recovery Support. Available online at https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/recovery. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[153] Texas Health and Human Services. Outreach, Screening, Assessment & Referral. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-substance-use-resources/outreach-screening-assessment-referral-centers. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[154] Substance Use Services Locations in Texas. Available online at https://txdshsea.maps.arcgis.com/apps/instant/nearby/index.html?appid=bc7fa0d73d6049acaf5e7c98e5497fc4. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[155] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA Advisory: Addressing the Specific Needs of Women for Treatment of Substance Use Disorders. (2021). Available online at https://store.samhsa.gov/product/advisory-addressing-specific-needs-women-treatment-substance-use-disorder/pep20-06-04-002. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[158] See 45 C.F.R. Part 96 Subpart L.

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[163] National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare. Medication-Assisted Treatment in the Courtroom A Benchcard for Judicial Professionals Serving Parents and Children Affected by Opioid Use Disorders.(n.d.). https://ncsacw.acf.hhs.gov/files/mat-benchmark-508.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[164] Martin T. et al. Medication-Assisted Treatment Improves Child Permanency Outcomes for Opioid-Using Families in the Child Welfare System Hall. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, Vol. 71, 63 – 67. https://www.jsatjournal.com/article/S0740-5472(16)30153-2/fulltext. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[184] Professional Quality of Life Elements Theory and Measurement. Available online at https://proqol.org/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[186] Texas Department of Family and Protective Services. 24-Hour Residential Child Care Requirements, Residential Contracts (RCC) Section 5500 Trauma-Informed Care at 56. Available online at www.dfps.texas.gov/Doing_Business/Purchased_Client_Services/Residential_Child_Care_Contracts/documents/24_Hour_RCC_Requirements.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[197] Judicial Trauma Institute presented live on April 22-23, 2021 via webcast. Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/project-jti/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[198] Trauma Informed Texas website, available online at www.TraumaInformedTexas.com. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[205] Federal law references the Local Education Agency (LEA). This term is synonymous with the school district or open-enrollment charter school. In Texas, the state education agency (SEA) is the Texas Education Agency.

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[207] Every Student Succeeds Act, Pub. L. No. 114–95. Available online at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-114s1177enr/pdf/BILLS-114s1177enr.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[220] Texas Judicial Branch Truancy Reform webpage. Available online at http://www.txcourts.gov/publications-training/training-materials/truancy-reform.aspx. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[221] Op Tex. Att'y Gen. No. MW–43 (1979). Available online at https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1979/mw0043.pdf . Last visited August 30, 2024.

[222] CPS Policy Handbook § 15510. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x15000.asp#CPS_15510. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[223] TEA Graduation Toolkit. Available online at https://tea.texas.gov/sites/default/files/16Grad-toolkit-web.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[224] See further, 19 Tex. Admin. Code § 74.1025.

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[226] For more information about the ARD committee process, Parent's Guide to the Admission, Review and Dismissal Process. Available online at https://www.spedtex.org/resources/parents-guide-ard-process. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[227] See also TEA's Transition Assistance Toolkit: Nutrition Benefits. Available at https://tea.texas.gov/academics/special-student-populations/transition-assistance-one-pagers.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[228] Social Security Act § 477. Available online at http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ssact/title04/0477.htm. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[233] Foster Care & Student Success. Available online at https://tea.texas.gov/academics/special-student-populations/foster-care-and-student-success/foster-care-student-success. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[269] Section 3 of Violence Against Women Act, 34 U.S.C. § 12291(b)(2); Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) universal grant conditions on confidentiality 42 U.S.C. 10401 et seq.; and Texas Family Code Chapter 93.

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[273] United States Code, Title 18- Crimes and Criminal Procedure, Chapter 44 – Firearms, Section 922. Unlawful acts. Available online at https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:18%20section:922%20edition:prelim). Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[275] Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-386. Available online at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-106hr3244enr/pdf/BILLS-106hr3244enr.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[276] National Center for Missing and Exploited Children and National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (2015). Missing Children, State Care, and Child Sex Trafficking: Engaging the Judiciary in Building a Collaborative Response. Reno, Nevada. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/missing-children-state-care-and-child-sex-trafficking-engaging-the-judiciary-in-building-a-collaborative-response/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[277] Office of the Attorney General of Texas Human Trafficking Prevention Task Force webpage. Available online at https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/initiatives/human-trafficking. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[278] CPS Policy Handbook § 6462. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_6400.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[279] Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act of 2014, Pub. L. No: 113-183. Available online at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-113publ183/pdf/PLAW-113publ183.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[280] DFPS Human Trafficking website. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Investigations/Human_Trafficking/default.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[281] NCJFCJ Domestic Child Sex Trafficking Series website. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/domestic-child-sex-trafficking-series/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[282] NCJFCJ National Judicial Institute on Domestic Child Sex Trafficking Online Resources webpage. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/child-welfare-and-juvenile-law/domestic-child-sex-trafficking/national-judicial-institute-on-domestic-child-sex-trafficking/national-judicial-institute-on-domestic-child-sex-trafficking-online-resources/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[283] NCJFCJ Voices from the Bench: Judicial Perspectives on Handling Child Sex Trafficking Cases webpage. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/voices-from-the-bench-judicial-perspectives-on-handling-child-sex-trafficking-cases/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[284] National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Child Sex Trafficking webpage. Available online at https://www.missingkids.org/theissues/trafficking. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[285] National Human Trafficking Hotline website. Available online at https://humantraffickinghotline.org/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[286] Office of the Texas Attorney General Human Trafficking webpage. Available online at https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/initiatives/human-trafficking. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[287] Office of the Texas Governor Child Sex Trafficking Team webpage. Available online at https://gov.texas.gov/organization/cjd/childsextrafficking. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[288] Polaris Project. Human Trafficking webpage. Available online at https://polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[289] See Tex. Fam. Code § 264.154.

[290] DFPS Community-Based Care webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Foster_Care/Community-Based_Care/default.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[291] Child Trends' State-level Data for Understanding Child Welfare in the United States Companion Guide. Available online at https://cms.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CW-Companion-Guide-2023.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[292] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2019). Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families. The AFCARS report: Preliminary FY 2018 estimates as of August 2019. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

[293] Billingsley, A., & Giovannoni, J. M. (1972). Children of the Storm. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanivich.

[294] Hill, R. B. (2008). An analysis of racial/ethnic disproportionality and disparity at the national, state, and county levels. Seattle, WA: Casey Family Programs.

[295] Baams L, Wilson BDM, Russell ST. LGBTQ Youth in Unstable Housing and Foster Care. Pediatrics. 2019;143(3): e20174211 at page 4. Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6398424/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[296] Russell, Stephen T., Baams, Laura, Fish, Jessica N., Wilson, Bianca D.W., and Stevenson, Armeda. Sexual Minority Youth are Over-Represented and Have Worse Outcomes in the Child Welfare System. Available online at https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/411efd64-a616-4416-b353-6f9ff3db4cb3. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[297] Experiences of LGBTQ+ Youth in Child Welfare Systems. Available online at https://youth.gov/youth-topics/lgbtq-youth/child-welfare. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[298] DFPS FY 2023 Disproportionality and Disparity Analysis. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/About_DFPS/Reports_and_Presentations/Rider_Reports/documents/2023/2023-09-28_Rider_33_Report.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[299] DFPS Disproportionality webpage. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Disproportionality/default.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[300] Id.

[301] Courts Catalyzing Change Preliminary Protective Hearing Benchcard, available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/CCC-Benchcard.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[302] Adapted from NCJFCJ Courts Catalyzing Change Bench Card and Dr. Jeffrey Rachlinski, Professor of Law.

[303] Child Welfare Information Gateway. Equitable Practice. Available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/equitable-practice/?top=233. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[304] Ellis, K. (2019).Race and Poverty Bias in the Child Welfare System: Strategies for Child Welfare Practitioners. American Bar Association Child Law Practice Today. Available online at https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_interest/child_law/resources/child_law_practiceonline/january---december-2019/race-and-poverty-bias-in-the-child-welfare-system---strategies-f/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[305] Rachlinski, J., Wistrich, A, & Donald, B. (2020). Getting Explicit About Implicit Bias. Judicature Vol. 104 No. 3. Available online at https://judicature.duke.edu/articles/getting-explicit-about-implicit-bias/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[306] American Bar Association, Implicit Bias Videos and Toolkit. Available online at https://www.americanbar.org/groups/diversity/resources/implicit-bias/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[307] Race and Poverty Bias in the Child Welfare System: Strategies for Child Welfare Practitioners from the American Bar Association. Available online at https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_interest/child_law/resources/child_law_practiceonline/january---december-2019/race-and-poverty-bias-in-the-child-welfare-system---strategies-f/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[308] Annie E. Casey Foundation. Race Equity and Inclusion Action Guide: 7 Steps to Advance and Embed Race Equity and Inclusion within Your Organization. Available online at https://www.aecf.org/resources/race-equity-and-inclusion-action-guide. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[310] Child Welfare Information Gateway. Disproportionality resource page. Available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/systemwide/cultural/disproportionality/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[311] Judicial Trauma Institute presented live on April 22-23, 2021. Available at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/project-jti/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[312] The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity. The Ohio State University. Implicit Bias Module Series for Child Welfare. Available online at https://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/implicit-bias-module-series-child-welfare. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[313] Recordings from 2020 Ensuring Justice in Child Welfare Summit. Available online at https://vimeo.com/447137923. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[314] National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Addressing Bias in Delinquency and Child Welfare Systems Bench Card. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Addressing-Bias-Bench-Card-1-1.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[316] Ryan, J. P., & Testa, M. F. (2005). Child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency: Investigating the role of placement and placement instability. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(3), 227–249.

[317] Haight, W., Bidwell, L., Choi, W.S., & Cho, M. (2016). An evaluation of the Crossover Youth Practice Model (CYPM): Recidivism outcomes for maltreated youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Children and Youth Services Review, 6, 578-85.

[318] Huang, H., Ryan, J. P., & Herz, D. (2012). The journey of dually-involved youth: The description and prediction of rereporting and recidivism. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 254–260.

[319] Herz, D., & Dierkhising, C. (2019). OJJDP Dual System Youth Design Study: Summary of Findings and Recommendations for Pursuing a National Estimate of Dual System Youth.

[320] Caietti, C.M., Gaines, K., & Heldman, J. (2017). “Improving outcomes for dual status youth,” presented at the Beyond the Bench Conference, December 19, 2017. Available online at http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/BTB24-2G-00PPT.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[321] For more information on the Center for Juvenile Justice Reform Crossover Youth Practice Model, see https://cjjr.georgetown.edu/ourwork/crossover-youth-practice-model/. For more information on the RFK Children's Action Corps Dual Status Youth Reform, see https://rfknrcjj.org/resources/dual-status-youth/. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[322] For more information on sealing juvenile records, see TexasLawHelp.org. Juvenile Justice Records: Sealing and Restricted Access. Available online at https://texaslawhelp.org/article/juvenile-justice-records-sealing-and-restricted-access Last visited August 30, 2024.

[323] Children's Commission. Dual Status Task Force Report. (2021). Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/0ompgwzb/dual-status-task-force-final-report.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[324] Texas Department of Family and Protective Services Child and Family Visitation Best Practice Guide. Available online at http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/Visitation_Best_Practice_Guide.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

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[326] DFPS Parent/Supportive Adult Visitation Record and Observation Form. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Application/Forms/showFile.aspx?Name=3102A.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[327] See also CPS Policy Handbook § 1612.3. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1600.asp#CPS_1612_3. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[328] DFPS Permanency Care Assistance webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Kinship_Care/pca.asp. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[329] Permanency Care Assistance: Key Issues for Judges. Available online at https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/application/Forms/showFile.aspx?NAME=2127.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[330] Center for Public Policy Priorities. New Federal Foster Care Legislation: What it Means for Texas. (2008). Available online at http://library.cppp.org/files/4/newfostercare.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.

[331] Mexican Consulates in Texas Jurisdiction Map. Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/3jafdulc/attachment-4-jurisdictions-map.pdf. Last visited August 30, 2024.